Climate For Indonesia

 Indonesia is located along the equator and its climate is ideal all year round. Indonesia has two seasons—the wet season and the dry season—that are neither summer nor winter. For most of Indonesia, the dry season is from May to October and the wet season is from November to April. Indonesia's climate is almost entirely tropical, dominated by the tropical rainforest climate found on all of Indonesia's large islands. Mountainous areas 1,300 to 1,500 meters (4,300 to 4,900 ft) above sea level have a cooler climate. An oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb) predominates in the highlands adjacent to the rainforest climate, with relatively uniform rainfall throughout the year. In the highlands near tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates. A tropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) prevails with a more pronounced dry season.

Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra, have little difference in rainfall and temperature between seasons, while others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience more significant differences with droughts and wet floods in the dry season. West Sumatra Less rainfall occurs in areas closer to Australia such as Nusa Tenggara, which tends to be drier, and more in the interior of Java and Kalimantan and Papua. The same warm waters that cover 81% of Indonesia's area ensure that ground temperatures remain relatively stable. The humidity is very high, between 70 and 90%. Winds are moderate and generally predictable, usually from the south and east monsoons from June to October and from the northwest from November to March. Typhoons and large storms pose little danger to mariners. Significant risks come from fast currents in channels such as the Lombok and Sape Straits.

Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected impacts of climate change. These include unabated emissions that have increased average temperatures by 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-century,[87][88] increasing the frequency of droughts and food shortages (with impacts on rainfall and moisture patterns, dry seasons, and thus Indonesia's agricultural system[88]) as well as numerous diseases and wildfires. Rising sea levels could also threaten much of Indonesia's population, which lives in low-lying coastal areas. Poor communities are likely to be most affected by climate change.

Indonesia's large and growing population and rapid industrialization present serious environmental problems. They are often given a lower priority due to high levels of poverty and weak and underresourced governance.[108] Problems include destruction of peatlands, large-scale illegal deforestation (causing extensive haze in parts of Southeast Asia), overexploitation of marine resources, air pollution, waste management, and reliable water and water services. residuals.[108] These issues contribute to Indonesia's low ranking (number 116 out of 180 countries) in the 2020 Environmental Performance Index. The report also indicates that Indonesia's performance is generally below average in both the regional and global contexts.[109]

Indonesia has one of the fastest deforestation rates in the world.[110] In 2020, forests cover approximately 49.1% of the country's land area,[111] up from 87% in 1950.[112] Since the 1970s, logging, various plantations, and agriculture have been responsible for much of the deforestation in Indonesia.[112] More recently, it has been driven by the palm oil industry,[113] which has been criticized for its environmental impact and the displacement of local communities.[110][114] The situation has made Indonesia the largest forest emitter of greenhouse gases in the world.[115] It also threatens the survival of native and endemic species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has identified 140 mammal species as threatened and 15 as critically endangered, including the Bali myna,[116] the Sumatran orangutan,[117] and the Javan rhinoceros.[116] 118]