Etymology Of Indonesia

 Etymology

More information: Indonesian names

The name Indonesia is derived from the Greek words Indos (Ἰνδός) and nesos (νῆσος), meaning "Indian Islands". The name dates back to the 19th century, leading to the formation of an independent Indonesia. In 1850, the English ethnologist George Windsor Earl proposed the terms Indunesians—and, Malayunesians—for the inhabitants of the "Indian Archipelago or Malay Archipelago".[16] In the same publication, One of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for the Indian archipelago. Dutch scholars were reluctant to use Indonesian in East Indies literature. Malay Archipelago (Dutch: Maleische Archipel); Netherlands East Indies (Nederlandsch Oost Indië); Popular Indië; East (de Oost); and insulin D.

After 1900, Indonesian became more common in academic circles outside the Netherlands, and native nationalist groups adopted it for political expression. Adolf Bastian of the University of Berlin made the name known from his book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipels, 1884-1894. The first scholar to use the name Ki Hajar Dewantara was the Indonesisch Pers-bureau in 1913, when he founded a news bureau in the Netherlands.

Indonesia's Armed Forces (TNI) include the Army (TNI–AD), Navy (TNI–AL, which includes Marine Corps), and Air Force (TNI–AU). The army has about 400,000 active-duty personnel. Defence spending in the national budget was 0.7% of GDP in 2018,[154] with controversial involvement of military-owned commercial interests and foundations.[155] The Armed Forces were formed during the Indonesian National Revolution when it undertook guerrilla warfare along with informal militia. Since then, territorial lines have formed the basis of all TNI branches' structure, aimed at maintaining domestic stability and deterring foreign threats.[156] The military has possessed a strong political influence since its founding, which peaked during the New Order. Political reforms in 1998 included the removal of the TNI's formal representation from the legislature. Nevertheless, its political influence remains, albeit at a reduced level.[157]

Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements.[158] Some, notably in Aceh and Papua, have led to an armed conflict and subsequent allegations of human rights abuses and brutality from all sides.[159][160][161] The former was resolved peacefully in 2005,[76] while the latter has continued, amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses as of 2006.[162] Other engagements of the army include the conflict against the Netherlands over the Dutch New Guinea, the opposition to the British-sponsored creation of Malaysia ("Konfrontasi"), the mass killings of Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), and the invasion of East Timor, which remains Indonesia's most massive military operation.[163][164]