Post-World War II (Indonesia)

 As president, Sukarno moved Indonesia from a democratic system to an authoritarian system, the military, He maintained power by balancing the opposing forces of political Islam and the increasingly powerful Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). Tensions between the military and the PKI culminated in a coup attempt in 1965. The military, led by General Suharto, countered by instigating a violent anti-communist purge that killed between 500,000 and a million people. ] The PKI was blamed for the coup and was effectively destroyed. Suharto was installed as president in March 1968 after capitalizing on Sukarno's weak position and making power plays with Sukarno. his "New Order" administration; [62] Supported by the United States,[63][64][65] it encourages foreign direct investment,[66]

Indonesia was the worst affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis. This led to popular discontent over the New Order's corruption and repression of political opposition, and ultimately ended Suharto's presidency.[43][69][70][71] In 1999, East Timor seceded from Indonesia, and in 1975.

Since 1998, the democratic process has been strengthened by increasing regional autonomy and holding the country's first direct presidential elections in 2004.[74] Politics, economic and social instability; Corruption and violence were still problems in the 2000s. However, the economy has been strong over the past 15 years. Although relations between different populations are mostly harmonious; Intense sectarian discontent and violence remain a problem in some areas. A political settlement has been reached to the armed separatist conflict in Aceh, where the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami killed 130,000 Indonesians.

Indonesia is a republic with a presidential system. Following the fall of the New Order in 1998, political and governmental structures have undergone sweeping reforms, with four constitutional amendments revamping the executive, legislative and judicial branches.[119] Chief among them is the delegation of power and authority to various regional entities while remaining a unitary state.[120] The President of Indonesia is the head of state and head of government, commander-in-chief of the Indonesian National Armed Forces (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI), and the director of domestic governance, policy-making, and foreign affairs. The president may serve a maximum of two consecutive five-year terms.[121]

The highest representative body at the national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). Its main functions are supporting and amending the constitution, inaugurating and impeaching the president,[122][123] and formalising broad outlines of state policy. The MPR comprises two houses; the People's Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat, DPR), with 575 members, and the Regional Representative Council (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah, DPD), with 136.[124] The DPR passes legislation and monitors the executive branch. Reforms since 1998 have markedly increased its role in national governance,[119] while the DPD is a new chamber for matters of regional management.[125][123]

Most civil disputes appear before the State Court (Pengadilan Negeri); appeals are heard before the High Court (Pengadilan Tinggi). The Supreme Court of Indonesia (Mahkamah Agung) is the highest level of the judicial branch and hears final cessation appeals and conducts case reviews. Other courts include the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) that listens to constitutional and political matters, and the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) that deals with codified Islamic Law (sharia) cases.[126] Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges.[127]